The relative semi-quantification of mRNA expression as a useful toxicological endpoint for the identification of embryotoxic/teratogenic substances.

Bigota, K., de Lange, J., Archer, G., Clothier, R. and Bremer, S.

Toxicology in Vitro, 13(4-5), 619-623 (1999).

Embryonic stem cells, which resemble the undifferentiated cells of the epiblast in a blastocyst, are able to differentiate into derivatives of the primary germ layers, including cardiomyocytes. The effects of embryotoxic/teratogenic compounds on the differentiation of cells was examined by semi-quantification of the mRNA expression using the RT–PCR protocol. Alpha and beta myosin heavy chain (α-MHC and β-MHC, respectively) mRNA expression were chosen as tissue-specific markers, characteristic of early cardiac muscle development. Nine chemicals were investigated, chosen according to their in vivo embryotoxic/teratogenic potential in mice. The teratogens all-trans retinoic acid (RA), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), hydroxyurea (HU), diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and caffeine (Caff) caused a significant reduction in MHC mRNA expression at a dose lower than that required for cytotoxicity. Saccharin (Sacc) had a similar effect, while penicillin G (PenG), isoniazid (Iso) and cytarabine (Ara-C) only showed an effect on MHC mRNA expression when the cells had a significant loss in viability. The inability to identify the strong teratogen Ara-C is related to the inappropriate target ti