Comment: Ethical Investment — What is It, and What Are the Implications for Industry Funding of Research Into Alternatives?

Robert D. Combes and Michael Balls

This paper is intended to be a critical appraisal of ethical investment with respect to animal experimentation. It is aimed at a wide readership, ranging from scientists in the field, through laypersons interested in laboratory animal welfare, and potential  investors, to senior management in industries directly or indirectly involved in animal testing.